Intro to Defensive Security

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Name

🌐 Introduction to Defensive Security - TryHackMe Module

Description

📝 Learn Defensive Security by using digital forensics in an investigation and applying security operations to stop a live cyber attack.

• Analyze digital evidence with digital forensics

• Security Operations in the cyber industry

• Learn how protection works in a web-base simulation

Intro to Digital Forensics

📝 Learn about digital forensics and related processes and experiment with a practical example

A new field of forensics (the science of crime investigations) called digital forensics was born to examine crimes involving the usage of digital technologies like:

• desktop computers, laptops

• smartphones, digital cameras

• digital media (CDs, USB drives, external storage)

• etc

The purpose of digital forensics is the use of computer science to investigate digital data/evidence for a legal purpose.

• Public sector investigations - conducted by government and low enforcement agencies

• Private sector investigations - conducted by corporate bodies with the help of a private investigator

The Process

After obtaining the proper legal authorization, a digital forensics investigator should:

• acquire the evidence - collecting the digital devices (using special handling if turned on)

• establish a chain of custody - fill out a form ensuring only authorized access to and handling of the evidence (NIST Sample form)

• secure the evidence in a container - to avoid damage or remote wiping (via network connection)

• transport the evidence to the digital forensics laboratory

In the lab, the digital evidence must be retrieved from the secure container and copied using advanced validated software and tools to prevent altering the original data. The investigation will be done on the identical copy using a forensics workstation. The findings can be reproduced (repeatability).

A report detailing the obtained evidence for the case concludes the digital forensics investigation.

Practical Example

❗Everything we do on our digital devices, from smartphones to computers, leaves traces.

Doc Metadata

• Check doc files for metadata information

pdfinfo

sudo apt install poppler-utils

pdfinfo ransom-letter.pdf 
    Title:           Pay NOW
    Subject:         We Have Gato
    Author:          Ann Gree Shepherd
    Creator:         Microsoft® Word 2016
    Producer:        Microsoft® Word 2016
    CreationDate:    Wed Feb 23 10:10:36 2022 CET
    ModDate:         Wed Feb 23 10:10:36 2022 CET
    Custom Metadata: no
    Metadata Stream: yes
    Tagged:          yes
    UserProperties:  no
    Suspects:        no
    Form:            none
    JavaScript:      no
    Pages:           1
    Encrypted:       no
    Page size:       595.44 x 842.04 pts (A4)
    Page rot:        0
    File size:       71371 bytes
    Optimized:       no
    PDF version:     1.7

Reveal Flag - Author of the attached PDF file: 🚩

Ann Gree Shepherd

Photo EXIF Data

EXIF (Exchangeable Image File format) is a standard for image files metadata, embedded in the image, e.g. :

• Camera model

• Date/Time of image capture

• Photo settings

• GPS coordinates of the place of capture

exiftool

sudo apt install libimage-exiftool-perl

exiftool letter-image.jpg

ExifTool Version Number         : 12.55
File Name                       : letter-image.jpg
Directory                       : .
File Size                       : 127 kB
File Modification Date/Time     : 2022:02:23 09:53:33+01:00
File Access Date/Time           : 2023:02:07 23:47:18+01:00
File Inode Change Date/Time     : 2023:02:07 23:43:05+01:00
File Permissions                : -rwxr-xr-x
File Type                       : JPEG
File Type Extension             : jpg
MIME Type                       : image/jpeg
JFIF Version                    : 1.01
Exif Byte Order                 : Little-endian (Intel, II)
Compression                     : JPEG (old-style)
Make                            : Canon
Camera Model Name               : Canon EOS R6
Orientation                     : Horizontal (normal)
X Resolution                    : 300
Y Resolution                    : 300
Resolution Unit                 : inches
Software                        : GIMP 2.10.28
Modify Date                     : 2022:02:15 17:23:40
Exposure Time                   : 1/200
F Number                        : 2.8
Exposure Program                : Manual
ISO                             : 640
Sensitivity Type                : Recommended Exposure Index
Recommended Exposure Index      : 640
Exif Version                    : 0231
Date/Time Original              : 2022:02:25 13:37:33
Create Date                     : 2022:02:25 13:37:33
Offset Time                     : +01:00
Offset Time Original            : +03:00
Offset Time Digitized           : +03:00
Shutter Speed Value             : 1/200
Aperture Value                  : 2.8
Exposure Compensation           : 0
Max Aperture Value              : 1.8
Metering Mode                   : Multi-segment
Flash                           : No Flash
Focal Length                    : 50.0 mm
User Comment                    : THM{238956}
Sub Sec Time Original           : 42
Sub Sec Time Digitized          : 42
Color Space                     : sRGB
Exif Image Width                : 7900
Exif Image Height               : 5267
Focal Plane X Resolution        : 1520
Focal Plane Y Resolution        : 1520
Focal Plane Resolution Unit     : cm
Custom Rendered                 : Normal
Exposure Mode                   : Manual
White Balance                   : Auto
Scene Capture Type              : Standard
Serial Number                   : 083021002010
Lens Info                       : 50mm f/?
Lens Model                      : EF50mm f/1.8 STM
Lens Serial Number              : 000029720b
GPS Latitude Ref                : North
GPS Longitude Ref               : West
GPS Time Stamp                  : 13:37:33
Subfile Type                    : Reduced-resolution image
Photometric Interpretation      : YCbCr
Samples Per Pixel               : 3
Thumbnail Offset                : 1214
Thumbnail Length                : 4941
XMP Toolkit                     : XMP Core 4.4.0-Exiv2
Api                             : 2.0
Platform                        : Linux
Time Stamp                      : 1644938627130718
Approximate Focus Distance      : 0.79
Distortion Correction Already Applied: True
Firmware                        : 1.2.0
Flash Compensation              : 0
Image Number                    : 0
Lateral Chromatic Aberration Correction Already Applied: True
Lens                            : EF50mm f/1.8 STM
Vignette Correction Already Applied: True
Color Mode                      : RGB
ICC Profile Name                : Adobe RGB (1998)
Creator Tool                    : GIMP 2.10
Metadata Date                   : 2021:12:02 13:32:48+01:00
Rating                          : 2
Document ID                     : adobe:docid:photoshop:de96cdf3-afbf-664d-9d4c-d5c1d0fdb4e1
Instance ID                     : xmp.iid:b80f5656-424a-4d4d-9cd0-5a36706d26d6
Original Document ID            : D3825C53382EED70DB7435B0CCF756F5
Preserved File Name             : 5L0A2971.CR3
Already Applied                 : True
Auto Lateral CA                 : 1
Blacks 2012                     : 0
Blue Hue                        : 0
Blue Saturation                 : 0
Camera Profile                  : Adobe Standard
Camera Profile Digest           : 441F68BD6BC3369B59256B103CE2CD5C
Clarity 2012                    : 0
Color Grade Blending            : 50
Color Grade Global Hue          : 0
Color Grade Global Lum          : 0
Color Grade Global Sat          : 0
Color Grade Highlight Lum       : 0
Color Grade Midtone Hue         : 0
Color Grade Midtone Lum         : 0
Color Grade Midtone Sat         : 0
Color Grade Shadow Lum          : 0
Color Noise Reduction           : 25
Color Noise Reduction Detail    : 50
Color Noise Reduction Smoothness: 50
Contrast 2012                   : 0
Crop Angle                      : 0
Crop Bottom                     : 1
Crop Constrain To Warp          : 0
Crop Left                       : 0
Crop Right                      : 1
Crop Top                        : 0
Defringe Green Amount           : 0
Defringe Green Hue Hi           : 60
Defringe Green Hue Lo           : 40
Defringe Purple Amount          : 0
Defringe Purple Hue Hi          : 70
Defringe Purple Hue Lo          : 30
Dehaze                          : 0
Exposure 2012                   : -0.40
Grain Amount                    : 0
Green Hue                       : 0
Green Saturation                : 0
Has Crop                        : False
Has Settings                    : True
Highlights 2012                 : -32
Hue Adjustment Aqua             : 0
Hue Adjustment Blue             : 0
Hue Adjustment Green            : 0
Hue Adjustment Magenta          : 0
Hue Adjustment Orange           : 0
Hue Adjustment Purple           : 0
Hue Adjustment Red              : 0
Hue Adjustment Yellow           : 0
Lens Manual Distortion Amount   : 0
Lens Profile Digest             : B23331240701D3B28825B46A4802290C
Lens Profile Distortion Scale   : 100
Lens Profile Enable             : 1
Lens Profile Filename           : Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III (Canon EF 50mm f1.8 STM) - RAW.lcp
Lens Profile Is Embedded        : False
Lens Profile Name               : Adobe (Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 STM)
Lens Profile Setup              : LensDefaults
Lens Profile Vignetting Scale   : 100
Luminance Adjustment Aqua       : 0
Luminance Adjustment Blue       : 0
Luminance Adjustment Green      : 0
Luminance Adjustment Magenta    : 0
Luminance Adjustment Orange     : 0
Luminance Adjustment Purple     : 0
Luminance Adjustment Red        : 0
Luminance Adjustment Yellow     : 0
Luminance Smoothing             : 0
Override Look Vignette          : False
Parametric Darks                : 0
Parametric Highlight Split      : 75
Parametric Highlights           : 0
Parametric Lights               : 0
Parametric Midtone Split        : 50
Parametric Shadow Split         : 25
Parametric Shadows              : 0
Perspective Aspect              : 0
Perspective Horizontal          : 0
Perspective Rotate              : 0.0
Perspective Scale               : 100
Perspective Upright             : Off
Perspective Vertical            : 0
Perspective X                   : 0.00
Perspective Y                   : 0.00
Post Crop Vignette Amount       : 0
Process Version                 : 11.0
Raw File Name                   : 5L0A2971.dng
Red Hue                         : 0
Red Saturation                  : 0
Saturation                      : 0
Saturation Adjustment Aqua      : 0
Saturation Adjustment Blue      : 0
Saturation Adjustment Green     : 0
Saturation Adjustment Magenta   : 0
Saturation Adjustment Orange    : 0
Saturation Adjustment Purple    : 0
Saturation Adjustment Red       : 0
Saturation Adjustment Yellow    : 0
Shadow Tint                     : 0
Shadows 2012                    : 0
Sharpen Detail                  : 25
Sharpen Edge Masking            : 60
Sharpen Radius                  : +1.0
Sharpness                       : 45
Split Toning Balance            : 0
Split Toning Highlight Hue      : 0
Split Toning Highlight Saturation: 0
Split Toning Shadow Hue         : 0
Split Toning Shadow Saturation  : 0
Color Temperature               : 6650
Texture                         : 0
Tint                            : -7
Tone Curve Name 2012            : Linear
Tone Curve PV2012               : 0, 0, 255, 255
Tone Curve PV2012 Blue          : 0, 0, 255, 255
Tone Curve PV2012 Green         : 0, 0, 255, 255
Tone Curve PV2012 Red           : 0, 0, 255, 255
Version                         : 14.0.1
Vibrance                        : 0
Vignette Amount                 : 0
Whites 2012                     : 0
Format                          : image/jpeg
Document Ancestors              : xmp.did:2ec1b1a6-ffae-0a44-90f9-3b6998456cdf, xmp.did:780a63d9-6024-e942-baf4-cae80b62a8c5
Derived From Document ID        : xmp.did:c3f1ef49-6aa6-4441-8800-6afa19131d22
Derived From Instance ID        : xmp.iid:fd37b6b6-4a37-d44a-89e0-3710c289a8db
Derived From Original Document ID: D3825C53382EED70DB7435B0CCF756F5
History Action                  : derived, saved, saved, saved, derived, saved, converted, saved, saved, converted, derived, saved, saved
History Parameters              : converted from image/x-canon-cr3 to image/dng, saved to new location, converted from image/dng to image/vnd.adobe.photoshop, saved to new location, from image/vnd.adobe.photoshop to application/vnd.adobe.photoshop, from application/vnd.adobe.photoshop to image/jpeg, converted from application/vnd.adobe.photoshop to image/jpeg
History Changed                 : /, /metadata, /metadata, /, /, /, /, /
History Instance ID             : xmp.iid:68afaab8-00f8-4a17-880d-04362acf7f59, xmp.iid:a415f140-19e3-dd4f-a523-2a91fd837241, xmp.iid:a732c1b4-c918-d649-91df-a08fd30a3b28, xmp.iid:c3f1ef49-6aa6-4441-8800-6afa19131d22, xmp.iid:e03136da-36b8-4a4f-a00f-4e953a46cb21, xmp.iid:fd37b6b6-4a37-d44a-89e0-3710c289a8db, xmp.iid:b0dfac61-4499-6b47-b061-c79f9c8868d9, xmp.iid:defc8f04-ab7b-4648-b9d4-1da9f1aa9bf9
History Software Agent          : Adobe Photoshop Lightroom Classic 10.2 (Macintosh), Adobe Photoshop Camera Raw 14.0, Adobe Photoshop Camera Raw 14.0.1 (Windows), Adobe Photoshop Camera Raw 14.0.1 (Windows), Adobe Photoshop 22.4 (Windows), Adobe Photoshop 22.4 (Windows), Adobe Photoshop 22.4 (Windows), Gimp 2.10 (Linux)
History When                    : 2021:11:15 15:50:41+03:00, 2021:12:01 11:25:22+01:00, 2021:12:01 12:34:12+01:00, 2021:12:02 10:19:47+01:00, 2021:12:02 12:53:12+01:00, 2021:12:02 13:32:48+01:00, 2021:12:02 13:32:48+01:00, 2022:02:15 17:23:47+02:00
Look Amount                     : 1
Look Copyright                  : © 2018 Adobe Systems, Inc.
Look Group                      : lang="x-default" Profiles
Look Name                       : Adobe Color
Look Supports Amount            : false
Look Supports Monochrome        : false
Look Supports Output Referred   : false
Look UUID                       : B952C231111CD8E0ECCF14B86BAA7077
Look Parameters Camera Profile  : Adobe Standard
Look Parameters Convert To Grayscale: False
Look Parameters Look Table      : E1095149FDB39D7A057BAB208837E2E1
Look Parameters Process Version : 11.0
Look Parameters Tone Curve PV2012: 0, 0, 22, 16, 40, 35, 127, 127, 224, 230, 240, 246, 255, 255
Look Parameters Tone Curve PV2012 Blue: 0, 0, 255, 255
Look Parameters Tone Curve PV2012 Green: 0, 0, 255, 255
Look Parameters Tone Curve PV2012 Red: 0, 0, 255, 255
Look Parameters Version         : 14.0.1
Profile CMM Type                : Little CMS
Profile Version                 : 4.3.0
Profile Class                   : Display Device Profile
Color Space Data                : RGB
Profile Connection Space        : XYZ
Profile Date Time               : 2022:02:15 14:53:19
Profile File Signature          : acsp
Primary Platform                : Apple Computer Inc.
CMM Flags                       : Not Embedded, Independent
Device Manufacturer             : 
Device Model                    : 
Device Attributes               : Reflective, Glossy, Positive, Color
Rendering Intent                : Perceptual
Connection Space Illuminant     : 0.9642 1 0.82491
Profile Creator                 : Little CMS
Profile ID                      : 0
Profile Description             : GIMP built-in sRGB
Profile Copyright               : Public Domain
Media White Point               : 0.9642 1 0.82491
Chromatic Adaptation            : 1.04788 0.02292 -0.05022 0.02959 0.99048 -0.01707 -0.00925 0.01508 0.75168
Red Matrix Column               : 0.43604 0.22249 0.01392
Blue Matrix Column              : 0.14305 0.06061 0.71393
Green Matrix Column             : 0.38512 0.7169 0.09706
Red Tone Reproduction Curve     : (Binary data 32 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Green Tone Reproduction Curve   : (Binary data 32 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Blue Tone Reproduction Curve    : (Binary data 32 bytes, use -b option to extract)
Chromaticity Channels           : 3
Chromaticity Colorant           : Unknown
Chromaticity Channel 1          : 0.64 0.33002
Chromaticity Channel 2          : 0.3 0.60001
Chromaticity Channel 3          : 0.15001 0.06
Device Mfg Desc                 : GIMP
Device Model Desc               : sRGB
Current IPTC Digest             : b417d6571f8aba97a1e64afbdedafbdb
Coded Character Set             : UTF8
Envelope Record Version         : 4
Date Created                    : 2022:02:15
Digital Creation Date           : 2021:11:05
Digital Creation Time           : 14:06:13+03:00
Application Record Version      : 4
Time Created                    : 17:23:40-17:23
Image Width                     : 1200
Image Height                    : 800
Encoding Process                : Progressive DCT, Huffman coding
Bits Per Sample                 : 8
Color Components                : 3
Y Cb Cr Sub Sampling            : YCbCr4:4:4 (1 1)
Aperture                        : 2.8
Image Size                      : 1200x800
Megapixels                      : 0.960
Scale Factor To 35 mm Equivalent: 0.7
Shutter Speed                   : 1/200
Create Date                     : 2022:02:25 13:37:33.42+03:00
Date/Time Original              : 2022:02:25 13:37:33.42+03:00
Modify Date                     : 2022:02:15 17:23:40+01:00
Thumbnail Image                 : (Binary data 4941 bytes, use -b option to extract)
GPS Latitude                    : 51 deg 30' 51.90" N
GPS Longitude                   : 0 deg 5' 38.73" W
Date/Time Created               : 2022:02:15 17:23:40-17:23
Digital Creation Date/Time      : 2021:11:05 14:06:13+03:00
Circle Of Confusion             : 0.043 mm
Depth Of Field                  : 0.06 m (0.76 - 0.82 m)
Field Of View                   : 54.9 deg
Focal Length                    : 50.0 mm (35 mm equivalent: 34.6 mm)
GPS Position                    : 51 deg 30' 51.90" N, 0 deg 5' 38.73" W
Hyperfocal Distance             : 20.58 m
Light Value                     : 7.9
Lens ID                         : Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 STM

• Search for the GPS Position 51° 30' 51.90" N, 0° 5' 38.73" W (deg = °) on Google Maps.

Reveal Flag - Name of the street: 🚩

Milk Street

Reveal Flag - Camera model name: 🚩

Canon EOS R6

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Security Operations

📝 Learn about Security Operations Center (SOC): its responsibilities, services, and data sources

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