📃Everything Linux

📜 In this 🐧 Linux notes repository, I store all of my notes related to the Linux operating system and Unix based apps.

• 📌_Some commands can be outdated._

• ❗_Most of the commands are for Debian-based distributions._

---

Terminal commands

Linux Kernel version

uname -srm

Linux Distribution

cat /etc/*release

Cpu - Ram usage

top
iostatmpstat
vmstat 1 5
mpstat -P ALL 2 4
sar -P ALL 2 3

sudo apt-get install htop
htop

sudo apt-get install nmon
nmon

# Check installed hw RAM memory
sudo dmidecode --type memory

Check Swap usage

cat /proc/swaps
swapon -s
grep Swap /proc/meminfo
free -m

htop

Swap Enable

• To enable swap with btrfs disk run

sudo btrfs filesystem mkswapfile --size 4G /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile

Disk - Extend LVM Partition

echo 1>/sys/class/block/sda/device/rescan
sudo cfdisk
# Resize the wanted partition
# sudo lsblk
# sudo vgdisplay -v
# sudo pvresize /dev/<your_sda>
# sudo lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
# sudo vgdisplay -v
# sudo resize2fs /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
df -h

Hardware Check

inxi -F

ACPI Powerstate

sudo dmesg | grep ACPI | grep supports

🔗 System Sleep States

State:		Suspend-To-Idle
ACPI state:	S0
Label:		"s2idle" ("freeze")

State:		Standby / Power-On Suspend
ACPI State:	S1
Label:		"shallow" ("standby")

State:		Suspend-to-RAM (STR)
ACPI State:	S3
Label:		"deep"

State:		Suspend-to-disk (STD/Hibernation)
ACPI State:	S4
Label:		"disk"

Terminal clean

clear
# or CTRL+L

System off

sudo shutdown now

General update

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y && sudo apt clean -y && sudo apt autoremove -y
sudo apt dist-upgrade

sudo apt clean && sudo apt autoremove
sudo apt autoclean
sudo apt --purge autoremove

Info:

• apt clean → cleans the packages and install script in /var/cache/apt/archives/ (removes all stored archives in your cache)

• apt autoclean → cleans obsolete deb-packages, less than clean (removes all stored archives in your cache for packages that can not be downloaded anymore (thus packages that are no longer in the repo or that have a newer version in the repo))

• apt autoremove → removes orphaned packages which are not longer needed from the system, but not purges them, use the --purge option together with the command for that.

• apt --purge autoremove → remove config files and (more important as it cleans dead subdirectories from the documentation tree) entries from /usr/share/doc.

Create Aliases

• Ubuntu:

nano ~/.bashrc
# Append the following text with personal commands. O.S. update in this case:

alias updateos='sudo -- sh -c "sudo apt update && sudo apt -y upgrade && sudo apt -y autoremove"'

# Load changes:
source ~/.bashrc

# List all aliases:
alias

• Kali Linux:

nano ~/.zshrc
# Append the following text with personal commands. O.S. update in this case:

alias updateos='sudo -- sh -c "sudo apt update && sudo apt -y upgrade && sudo apt -y autoremove"'

# Load changes:
source ~/.zshrc

# List all aliases:
alias

Set local timezone

sudo unlink /etc/localtime
sudo ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Rome /etc/localtime
sudo timedatectl set-timezone "Europe/Rome"

Set NTP

sudo apt install -y chrony
# You can configure which time servers you want to use by editing 
# nano /etc/chrony/chrony.conf

sudo systemctl enable --now chrony

sudo systemctl status chrony --no-pager
sudo timedatectl status
# System clock synchronized: yes
# NTP service: active

Set Keyboard layout

sudo dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration

Install packages (deb, etc)

sudo dpkg -i packname

First settings after O.S. install

passwd root
passwd kali
sudo apt install terminator -y
sudo update-alternatives --config x-terminal-emulator
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.default-applications.terminal exec 'terminator'

Set grub boot menu timeout

sudo nano /etc/default/grub

# Set the seconds in the GRUB_TIMEOUT value, save and exit the file
GRUB_TIMEOUT=1

sudo update-grub
# Reboot to test the timeout

# To instantly boot without the grub menu waiting, edit the file adding these lines:
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
GRUB_TIMEOUT=0

Boot Partition Clean Up (Ubuntu/Debian)

# Check Current Kernel Version
sudo uname -r
# Example output: 5.4.0-64-generic
# As you see on image in my case – 5.4.0-64-generic is current kernel. Other older kernel versions can be deleted.

# List Old installed Kernel images:
sudo dpkg --list 'linux-image*'|awk '{ if ($1=="ii") print $2}'|grep -v `uname -r`

# Your output will something like:
linux-image-5.4.0-39-generic
linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic
linux-image-5.4.0-54-generic
linux-image-5.4.0-64-generic

# To cleanup boot partition in Ubuntu uninstall old kernels with apt command one by one:
sudo apt-get purge linux-image-5.4.0-39-generic
sudo apt-get purge linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic
sudo apt-get purge linux-image-5.4.0-54-generic

# Remove no longer used dependencies:
sudo apt-get autoremove

# Update GRUB:
sudo update-grub

Change Console setup

# For italian keyboard:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure console-setup

Disable Ubuntu automatic updates

sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20auto-upgrades
# make sure all the directives are set to “0”

sudo systemctl disable apt-daily-upgrade.timer
sudo systemctl mask apt-daily-upgrade.service
sudo systemctl disable apt-daily.timer
sudo systemctl mask apt-daily.service

# For complete package uninstall
sudo apt purge --auto-remove unattended-upgrades

Speedtest-cli

wget -O /dev/null -q --show-progress https://ash-speed.hetzner.com/10GB.bin

• Or install speedtest-cli

sudo apt install speedtest-cli

speedtest-cli --secure

Speedtest by Ookla

sudo apt install curl
curl -s https://packagecloud.io/install/repositories/ookla/speedtest-cli/script.deb.sh | sudo bash
sudo apt install speedtest

speedtest

Change password at boot - Single User Mode

# Start the Pc
# Press E in the grub menu
# Find the "linux /...vmlinuz" kernel line
# Add "init=/bin/bash" at the end of the line
# Press CTRL+X to boot.
# In root prompt, type 
mount -o remount,rw /
# Set a new password for a user with
passwd user
# or for the root user with
passwd
# Reboot
reboot -f

Check Hardware Temperatures

sudo apt install lm-sensors hddtemp
sudo sensors-detect
/etc/init.d/kmod start
sensors

# Raspberry Pi Temp
vcgencmd measure_temp

CPU Stress-Terminal UI - s-tui

sudo apt install s-tui stress

s-tui

# Output to default CSV file - s-tui_log_<TIME>.csv
s-tui --csv

Renew DHCP

sudo systemctl restart networking.service

# if doesn't work, release and renew IP with DHCP
sudo dhclient -r
sudo dhclient

---

Software

Basic Tools

sudo apt install -y wget net-tools htop tree terminator flameshot

Install Zsh & Oh-My-Zsh

Install Eza

sudo sh -c '
apt update &&
apt install -y gpg &&
mkdir -p /usr/share/keyrings &&
wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eza-community/eza/main/deb.asc | gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/gierens.gpg &&
echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/gierens.gpg] http://deb.gierens.de stable main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/gierens.list &&
chmod 644 /usr/share/keyrings/gierens.gpg /etc/apt/sources.list.d/gierens.list &&
apt update &&
apt install -y eza
'

Install Sublime

sudo sh -c '
    wget -qO- https://download.sublimetext.com/sublimehq-pub.gpg | gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/sublimehq-archive.gpg &&
    echo "deb [arch="$(dpkg --print-architecture)" signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/sublimehq-archive.gpg] https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list &&
    apt update &&
    apt install -y sublime-text
'

Install VSCode

sudo apt install -y software-properties-common apt-transport-https wget

wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/packages.microsoft.gpg > /dev/null
 
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64,arm64,armhf signed-by=//usr/share/keyrings/packages.microsoft.gpg] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/code stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list'

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y code

Install VS Codium

wget https://gitlab.com/paulcarroty/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/raw/master/pub.gpg && sudo mv pub.gpg /usr/share/keyrings/vscodium-archive-keyring.asc

sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [ signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/vscodium-archive-keyring.asc ] https://paulcarroty.gitlab.io/vscodium-deb-rpm-repo/debs vscodium main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscodium.list'

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y codium

Install Obsidian

# Download Obsidian latest release from https://github.com/obsidianmd/obsidian-releases/releases
mv Obsidian-0.12.4.AppImage usr/local/bin/obsidiann
chmod +x usr/local/bin/obsidian

Install Brave Browser

sudo sh -c '
    apt install -y curl
    curl -fsSLo /usr/share/keyrings/brave-browser-archive-keyring.gpg https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com/brave-browser-archive-keyring.gpg
    echo "deb [arch="$(dpkg --print-architecture)" signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/brave-browser-archive-keyring.gpg] https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com/ stable main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/brave-browser-release.list
    apt update && apt install -y brave-browser
'

Install GitHub Desktop

wget -qO- "https://mirror.mwt.me/shiftkey-desktop/install.sh" | sudo -s

# or
wget -qO - https://apt.packages.shiftkey.dev/gpg.key | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/shiftkey-packages.gpg > /dev/null

sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/shiftkey-packages.gpg] https://apt.packages.shiftkey.dev/ubuntu/ any main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/shiftkey-packages.list'

sudo apt update && sudo apt install github-desktop

Install Telegram

# Via apt
sudo apt install telegram-desktop

# Via official Linux binary

wget https://telegram.org/dl/desktop/linux
tar -xvf linux
sudo mv Telegram/ /opt
/opt/Telegram/./Telegram
/opt/Telegram/./Updater

Install Anydesk

# Run the following commands as root user:
# add repository key to Trusted software providers list
wget -qO - https://keys.anydesk.com/repos/DEB-GPG-KEY | apt-key add -

# add the repository:
sudo echo "deb http://deb.anydesk.com/ all main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/anydesk-stable.list

# update apt cache:
sudo apt update

# install anydesk:
sudo apt install -y anydesk

Install ForticlientVPN

sudo apt install firefox jq lz4json openfortivpn
cd
mkdir tools
cd ~/tools
git clone https://github.com/nonamed01/fuckForticlient.git
cd ~/tools/fuckForticlient

./fuckForticlient.sh -S <SERVER>:<PORT> -c
# Login via browser and retry the command above after logged in

Install DnsLeakTest

cd /tmp
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/macvk/dnsleaktest/master/dnsleaktest.py
chmod +x dnsleaktest.py
./dnsleaktest.py

Install Tor

sudo apt install -y tor
service tor start
service tor status
-------------------------
Start browser with proxychain:
proxychains firefox www.duckduckgo.com
	(do not close terminal)

search for: check dns leaks

Install Anonsurf

cd /tmp
git clone https://github.com/Und3rf10w/kali-anonsurf
cd kali-anonsurf/
./installer.sh
clear
cd

anonsurf --help
anonsurf start

anonsurf myip

Install Metasploit Framework

curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rapid7/metasploit-omnibus/master/config/templates/metasploit-framework-wrappers/msfupdate.erb > msfinstall && chmod 755 msfinstall && ./msfinstall

• Or use APT package manager on Debian-based distros

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y metasploit-framework

• Enable postgresql at boot, start the service and initialize MSF database

sudo systemctl enable postgresql
sudo systemctl restart postgresql
sudo msfdb init

• Run msfconsole to start the Metasploit Framework Console

msfconsole

Install Nessus

Install Docker

sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y curl apt-transport-https software-properties-common ca-certificates gnupg

packages=("docker.io" "docker-doc" "docker-compose" "podman-docker" "containerd" "runc")
for pkg in "${packages[@]}"; do
    sudo apt remove "$pkg" -y
done &&

sudo sh -c '
    curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker.gpg &&
    chmod a+r /usr/share/keyrings/docker.gpg &&
    echo "deb [arch="$(dpkg --print-architecture)" signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian bullseye stable" |  tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list &&
    apt update && 
    apt install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin &&
    sudo gpasswd -a "${USER}" docker
'

Install Gophish

cd /opt/

# Get the latest version link from https://github.com/gophish/gophish/releases/
sudo wget https://github.com/gophish/gophish/releases/download/v0.12.1/gophish-v0.12.1-linux-64bit.zip

sudo unzip -d gophish gophish-v0.12.1-linux-64bit.zip

sudo chmod +x gophish/gophish

cd /opt/gophish && sudo ./gophish

• Setup a Gophish Demo with a fake campaign

docker run -ti -p 3333:3333 --rm gophish/demo

Install Katana

sudo apt install -y golang

go install github.com/projectdiscovery/katana/cmd/katana@latest

sudo cp ~/go/bin/katana /bin/

Install Asbru CM (Linux Desktop)

• Link Asbru

• Ásbrú Connection Manager is a user interface that helps organizing remote terminal sessions and automating repetitive tasks.

curl -1sLf 'https://dl.cloudsmith.io/public/asbru-cm/release/cfg/setup/bash.deb.sh' | sudo -E bash
sudo apt install -y asbru-cm

Install BurpSuite

• Link BurpSuite Community Download

  • Use this for updating too

# Download Burp Suite community edition for Linux 64 bits 
BURP_VER=$(curl -si https://portswigger.net/burp/releases/community/latest | grep -E "^location:" | grep -Eo "[0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+" | sed 's/-/./g')

wget -qO "/tmp/burpsuite_community_v"$BURP_VER"_install.sh" "https://portswigger.net/burp/releases/startdownload?product=community&version="$BURP_VER"&type=Linux"

chmod +x "/tmp/burpsuite_community_v"$BURP_VER"_install.sh"
sudo /tmp/burpsuite_community_v"$BURP_VER"_install.sh -q

# Default install dir is /opt/BurpSuiteCommunity
# This will overwrite the command of the already installed Burpsuite (with apt)

sudo cp /opt/BurpSuiteCommunity/burpsuite_community.jar /usr/share/burpsuite/burpsuite.jar
sudo mv /usr/bin/burpsuite /usr/bin/burpsuite.bak
echo -ne '#!/bin/sh\n"/opt/BurpSuiteCommunity/BurpSuiteCommunity" %U\n' | sudo tee /usr/bin/burpsuite && sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/burpsuite

# Start burspsuite from shell

Install MobSF

sudo mkdir -p ~/docker/mobsf

chown 9901:9901 ~/docker/mobsf

docker run -it --rm --name mobsf -p 8010:8010 -v ~/docker/mobsf:/home/mobsf/.MobSF opensecurity/mobile-security-framework-mobsf:latest

Install Rustscan

docker run -it --rm --name rustscan rustscan/rustscan:2.1.1

# Create a zsh/bash alias like this
alias rustscan='docker run -it --rm --name rustscan rustscan/rustscan:2.1.1'

Install CVEMAP

sudo apt install -y golang-go

go install github.com/projectdiscovery/cvemap/cmd/cvemap@latest

# Based on your SHELL, add Go bin to system PATH
echo "export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/go/bin" >> $HOME/.bashrc
echo "export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/go/bin" >> $HOME/.zshrc
echo "export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/go/bin" >> $ZSH_CUSTOM/my_paths.zsh
source $HOME/.bashrc
source $HOME/.zshrc

---

Usage and Configuration

SSH Login

sudo systemctl enable ssh --now

Configure Git for Github

git config --global user.email "[e-mail]"
git config --global user.name"YOUR_USERNAME"

ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "[e-mail]"
eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
xclip -selection clipboard < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

# Add a new key on github.com and paste the one copied with xclip.
# Test it:
ssh -T [e-mail]

git clone [e-mail]:syselement/REPOSITORY.git

Proxychains

#Edit proxychains:
nano /etc/proxychains.conf
# uncoment dynamic_chain
# coment strict_chain
# uncoment Proxy DNS requests-no leak for DNS data
# add on proxylist: socks5 127.0.0.1 9050

OpenVpn

# TryHackme OpenVpn Cypher(Temporary) error fix 
sed -i 's/cipher AES-256-CBC/data-ciphers AES-256-CBC/' yournickname.ovpn

# or
sudo nano yournickname.ovpn
# Substitute line 14 "cipher AES-256-CBC" with:
data-ciphers AES-256-CBC

# Launch openvpn connection in background as a daemon
sudo openvpn --config yournickname.ovpn --daemon

# Stop it
sudo pkill -f openvpn

NMAP

nmap 192.168.254.129
nmap 192.168.254.1/24
nmap 192.168.254.1-100
nmap -p80,21,23 192.168.254.129

RDP with Xfce (Kali Linux)

🔗 Setting up RDP with Xfce - Kali Linux

wget https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/recipes/kali-scripts/-/raw/main/xfce4.sh
chmod +x xfce4.sh
sudo ./xfce4.sh

sudo adduser xrdp ssl-cert
sudo systemctl enable xrdp --now

• The xfce4.sh does the following

#!/bin/bash
echo "[i] Updating and upgrading Kali (this will take a while)"
apt-get update
apt-get --yes --force-yes dist-upgrade

echo "[i] Installing Xfce4 & xrdp (this will take a while as well)"
apt-get --yes --force-yes install kali-desktop-xfce xorg xrdp

echo "[i] Configuring xrdp to listen to port 3390 (but not starting the service)"
sed -i 's/port=3389/port=3390/g' /etc/xrdp/xrdp.ini

• Fix for Authentication Required to Create Managed Color Device, run

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/45-allow-colord.pkla
[Allow Colord all Users]
Identity=unix-user:*
Action=org.freedesktop.color-manager.create-device;org.freedesktop.color-manager.create-profile;org.freedesktop.color-manager.delete-device;org.freedesktop.color-manager.delete-profile;org.freedesktop.color-manager.modify-device;org.freedesktop.color-manager.modify-profile
ResultAny=no
ResultInactive=no
ResultActive=yes
EOF

sudo systemctl restart xrdp

• Port to connect to is 3390

### TESTS - DO NOT CONSIDER ###

# sudo nano /etc/xrdp/startwm.sh

# # Add lines before test and execute
# unset DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS
# unset XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
# . $HOME/.profile

Arm on x86 QEMU-USER

🔗 Running arm binaries on x86 with qemu-user

sudo apt update -y && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install qemu-user qemu-user-static gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu binutils-aarch64-linux-gnu-dbg build-essential libc6-dev-arm64-cross

qemu-aarch64-static -L /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/ sandbox

---

Virtual Machines

Install VirtualBox on Kali

🔗 Install VirtualBox on Kali (Host)

sudo apt update

curl -fsSL https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc|sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/oracle_vbox_2016.gpg

curl -fsSL https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc|sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/oracle_vbox.gpg

echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian bullseye contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list

sudo apt update

sudo apt install -y dkms

sudo apt install -y virtualbox virtualbox-ext-packv

METASPLOITABLE VM

📌 Check Metasploitable3 VM here

• Metasploitable2 - Download link

• Guides:

  • Metasploitable 2

  • Metasploitable 2 Exploitability Guide

# Login: msfadmin:msfadmin

---

Troubleshooting

i915 Linux Freeze - Temp Fix

• 🔗 flip_done timed out - issue

Happens on Kali and Parrot OS with HDMI external monitor and Iris Xe Graphics.

sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/dri/0/i915_dmc_info

# Verifica la versione e annotarsela

ls -lah /usr/lib/firmware/i915/adlp_dmc*

# Rinominare i file per rendere la versione utilizzata la 2.16 tramite il file adlp_dmc.bin

sudo mv /usr/lib/firmware/i915/adlp_dmc.bin /usr/lib/firmware/i915/adlp_dmc_ver<VERSIONE_PRIMO_COMANDO>.bin
sudo cp /usr/lib/firmware/i915/adlp_dmc_ver2_16.bin /usr/lib/firmware/i915/adlp_dmc.bin
sudo update-initramfs -c -k all

# Verificare la version utilizzata (può essere necessario un reboot)
sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/dri/0/i915_dmc_info