4. Active Directory

🪟 Active Directory (AD) is a directory service developed by Microsoft for Windows domain networks. It provides directory services for managing Windows-based computers on a network. AD stores information about objects such as users, groups, computers, and other resources, and provides authentication and authorization services.

Active Directory - academy.hackthebox.com

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Physical components

• Data store

• Domain controllers

• Global catalog server

• Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC)

➡️ Domain Controller - a server with the Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) server role, specifically promoted to a domain controller

• Host a copy of the AD DS directory store

• Provide authentication and authorization services

• Replicate updates to other domain controllers

• Allow administrative access to manage user accounts and network resources

➡️ AD DS Data store - database files and processes that store and manage directory information for users, services and apps

• Contains Ntds.dit file - very important file (contains password hashes, etc)

  • stored in the %SystemRoot%\NTDS folder on all domain controllers

  • accessible only through the domain controller processes and protocols

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Logical components

• Partitions

• Schema

• Domains

• Domain trees

• Forests

• Sites

• Organization units (OUs)

➡️ AD DS Schema - (like a rulebook) defines every type of object that can be stored in the directory, enforces object creation and configuration rules

• Class object - what objects can be created in the directory (user, computer, etc)

• Attribute object - information that can be attached to an object (display name, etc)

➡️ Domains - used to group and manage objects in an organization

• Administrative boundary for applying policies to groups of objects

• Replication boundary for replicating data between domain controllers

• Authentication and authorization boundary - to limit the scope of access to resources

➡️ Trees - a hierarchy of domains in AD DS, that can

• share a contiguous namespace with the parent domain

• can have additional child domains

• (by default) create a 2-way transitive trust with other domains

➡️ Forests - a collection of domain trees

• Forests share common

  • schema

  • configuration partition

  • global catalog to enable searching

• Enable trusts between all domains in the forest

• Share the Enterprise Admins and Schema Admins groups

➡️ Organizational Units (OUs) - AD containers that can contain users, groups, computers, other OUs

• Represent the organization hierarchically and logically

• Manage a collection of objects in a consistent way

• Delegate permissions to administer groups of objects

• Apply policies

➡️ Trusts - provide a mechanism for users to gain access to resources in another domain

• All domains in a forest trust all other domains in the forest

• Trusts can extend outside the forest

• Directional - the trust direction flows from trusting domain to the trusted domain

  • trusting domain -> trusted domain

• Transitive - the trust relationship is extended to include other trusted domains

➡️ Objects

• User - Enables network resource access for a user

• InetOrgPerson - Used for compatibility with other directory services

• Contacts - Used primarily to assign e-mail addresses to external users; no network access

• Groups - Used to simplify the administration of access control

• Computers - Enable authentication and auditing of computer access to resources

• Printers - Simplify the process of locating and connecting to printers

• Shared folders - Enables users to search for shared folders based on preperties

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Sections

1. Active Directory Lab
2. AD - Initial Attack Vectors
3. AD - Post-Compromise Enumeration
4. AD - Post-Compromise Attacks
5. AD - Additional Attacks
6. AD - Case Studies

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